• Introduction Histamine was generally accepted

  2022-03-04

  

  Introduction Histamine was generally accepted as a neurotransmitter in 1984, when histamine was first identified to be located in tuberomamillary nucleus (TM) of the brain (Watanabe et al., 1984). In mammals, histaminergic neurons play an important role in regulating multiple physiological activiti

• Analysis of genomic neighborhoods has helped resolve questio

  2022-03-04

  

  Analysis of genomic neighborhoods has helped resolve questions concerning the orthology of receptors for peptides similar to glucagon (Ng et al., 2010, Irwin and Prentice, 2011, Wang et al., 2012, Hwang et al., 2013). Using a diverse array of species with available genome sequence (see Fig. 4) the g

• Discrepancies in the reported results

  2022-03-04

  

  Discrepancies in the reported results and conclusions from different groups regarding studies in ghrelin−/− and ghsr−/− mice are likely explained by the mixed background of the mutant mice used in the different studies [35]; although in the case of mice exposed to HFD, exposure to a HFD immediately

• Since the Gardos channel Ca sensor have been

  2022-03-04

  

  Since the Gardos channel Ca2+ sensor have been shown to be constitutively bound calmodulin [16] and the PMCA is activated by association to a calcium–calmodulin complex, it seems probable that the NS309 agonist effect is caused by direct interaction with the Gardos channel, and not by an action on c

• Current studies have identified five orphan

  2022-03-04

  

  Current studies have identified five orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be activated by free fatty acids (FFAs), GPR40, GPR41, GPR43, GPR84, and GPR120. Short-chain fatty acids (FAs) are specific agonists of GPR41 and GPR43 [21] and middle-chain FAs agonize GPR84 [22]. Long-chain FAs

• br STAR Methods br Acknowledgments

  2022-03-04

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments We would like to thank V. Gladyshev (Harvard), H. Kornblum (UCLA), L. Greene (Columbia), and J. Baraban (Johns Hopkins) for constructive comments to the project and manuscript. We thank L. Gross and A. Kumar for assistance with editing. We thank L.M. Gerber and Z.

• The recent identification of new mechanisms for

  2022-03-04

  

  The recent identification of new mechanisms for triggering ferroptosis, by compounds termed FIN56 and FINO2, provided new insights into regulation of ferroptosis. FINO2 acts through a distinct mechanism: it promotes lipid peroxidation by oxidizing iron and indirectly inactivating GPX4 [180]. FIN56 w

• By measuring the accumulation of unprenylated Rap a as

  2022-03-04

  

  By measuring the accumulation of unprenylated Rap1a as a surrogate marker for the inhibition of FPPS [8], [9], [10], [11], we found that upregulation of FPPS expression in Hela cells reduced the accumulation of unprenylated Rap1a in response to 24h' treatment with 0–50μM ZOL. As expected, cells cult

• N6022 Macrophage populations are prominent in active IBD Str

  2022-03-04

  

  Macrophage populations are prominent in active IBD (Strober and James, 1986) as compared to healthy donors. Further, percentages of macrophages are increased in DSS-induced colitis (Grose et al., 2001, Ogawa et al., 2004). IBD is also linked to an influx of neutrophils and depletion of neutrophils b

• Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV worldwide

  2022-03-03

  

  Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV worldwide with almost 20% of the population being infected. The HCV subtype 4a belonging to genotype 4 (HCV-4) is the most common genotype in Egypt [25], [26], [27], [28]. The sequence of the NS5A/NS5B junction for the Egyptian genotype 4 is Glu-Asp-Val-Val-Cy

• The effect of microtubule inhibitors on HBV

  2022-03-03

  

  The effect of microtubule inhibitors on HBV infection and replication were reported previously. In the study by Dr. Ai-Long Huang's group, microtubule inhibitors promoted HBV replication in Hep2.2.15 and HepG2-HBV1.1, in which HBV DNA is integrated into the chromosomal DNA (Xu et al., 2015). Integra

• Unlike the bacterial SRP pathway for

  2022-03-03

  

  Unlike the bacterial SRP pathway for which the energetics, kinetics, and structure of almost every intermediate have been characterized, multiple questions remain for the GET pathway (Figure 3, marked with ‘?’). First, the targeting pathway demands distinct activities of Get3 before and after substr

• Hypoxia has been shown to affect miR expression

  2022-03-03

  

  Hypoxia has been shown to affect miR-155 expression that can induce autophagy in nasopharyngeal and cervical carcinoma cells [334]. Suppression of miR-155 inhibited hypoxia-induced autophagy. miR-155 targeted mRNAs involved in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1 pathway including: Ras homolog enriched in jak i

• The global spread and ever increasing incidence of metabolic

  2022-03-03

  

  The global spread and ever-increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome over the past few decades has not only categorized it as an ‘epidemic’ but has also dramatically increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The increase in prevalence of diabetes in the United States alone has bee

• br The glyoxalase system has not yet been

  2022-03-03

  

  The glyoxalase system has not yet been studied in E. histolytica or G. lamblia. Searches in the G. lamblia genome (GiardiaDB.org) revealed two genes encoding hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolases (Morrison et al., 2007), but no glyoxalase I gene was found. The genome of E. histolytica does not have a

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